Soybean Screening Trials for Resistance to Iron Deficiency Chlorosis, 2001*

Soybean Screening Trials for Resistance to Iron Deficiency Chlorosis, 2001

R. Jay Goos and Brian Johnson

Department of Soil Science

North Dakota State University

Fargo, North Dakota 58105

rj.goos@ndsu.nodak.edu

Introduction

Iron deficiency chlorosis of soybeans is a widespread problem on high pH soils of the Upper Midwest. High water tables, too much rainfall, salinity in the soil, calcium carbonate in the topsoil, and elevated soil nitrate levels all contribute to the problem. As a species, soybean is more sensitive to iron deficiency than other crops, such as wheat or barley. Since iron is relatively immobile in the plant, iron deficiency appears as a yellowing of the upper parts of the plant. If the youngest leaves and growing point are damaged, growth will be stunted and yields will be reduced substantially. Even a temporary yellowing reduces yield, even if the plants eventually recover and appear normal later in the growing season.

There are several available control measures to reduce the severity of iron deficiency chlorosis. The most effective is variety selection. The selection of a resistant variety can make the difference between success and failure when growing soybeans on high pH soils. From our experience, we suggest varieties with a chlorosis rating equal to or better than the variety Council when growing soybeans on soils prone to producing chlorosis. For soils with a severe chlorosis potential, obtain the most resistant varieties available.

How these studies were performed

Four field studies were performed in eastern North Dakota in 2001. The sites used had been observed for several years, and known to produce a relatively uniform chlorosis in soybeans. Soil characteristics of the four sites are shown in Table 1. 181 public and commercial varieties were grown in short (5’) rows on 30-inch centers. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. At the 2-3 trifoliolate stage, 5-6 trifoliolate stage, and two weeks after the 5-6 trifoliolate stage, visual chlorosis ratings were made. A 1-5 scale was used, where 1=no chlorosis, plants were normal and green; 2=a slight yellowing of the upper leaves, there was no differentiation in color between the leaf veins and interveinal areas; 3=interveinal chlorosis of the upper leaves (veins green and interveinal areas chlorotic), but no obvious stunting of growth or death of leaf tissue (necrosis) evident; 4=interveinal chlorosis of the upper leaves, with some apparent stunting of growth or necrosis of plant tissue; 5=severe chlorosis, with stunted growth and the youngest leaves and growing point necrotic. Each plot was rated plus or minus 0.5 chlorosis unit.

To "calibrate" the chlorosis studies, four "standard" varieties were included with a known reaction to chlorosis stress. The standard varieties, from most resistant to most susceptible were Traill, Council, Glacier, and Mycogen 5072. The varieties Traill, Council, and Glacier were also entered into the trials more than once to help determine the reproducibility of the screening studies.

Results

The results are shown in Table 2, with the varieties ranked from the most resistant to the most susceptible. Iron chlorosis research is difficult to perform in the field, due to soil variability. Overall, we were very pleased with our studies in 2001. Chlorosis was uniform across all four of our sites through the 5-6 trifoliolate stage. After the 5-6 trifoliolate stage at the Galesburg site, the soybeans tended to recover in part of the trial, so the third rating was not made at this site.

We were also very pleased with the separation and reproducibility of our "standard" varieties. As expected, the chlorosis resistance of the standard varieties was ranked as expected: Traill > Council > Glacier > Mycogen 5072. The ratings of Traill, Council, and Glacier were generally within 0.1 chlorosis unit, and we were very pleased with this result. When averaged across all four sites, the ratings have an experimental error of 0.2 to 0.3 chlorosis units.

How to use these tables

There are many factors that go into the selection of a soybean variety, such as maturity, disease resistance, and yield potential. When selecting a variety for high pH soils, however, a high level of chlorosis resistance has to be added to this list. Even a temporary yellowing can cause yield loss. The extra bushel or two of yield potential of a less resistant variety is easily lost if the crop becomes chlorotic.

Finally, not every soil in North Dakota is suitable for soybean production. If soil conditions are bad enough, any soybean variety can turn chlorotic. While there are substantial differences between the most resistant and most susceptible soybean varieties, abnormally elevated salinity or prolonged waterlogging can make even the most resistant variety turn chlorotic. If a resistant variety, such as Traill, cannot be successfully grown on a field due to chlorosis, the field is probably not suitable for soybean production.

A spreadsheet file, with a more complete listing of the data, is available by e-mail. Please send any requests to Dr. Goos at the e-mail address at the beginning of this report.

This research was supported by the North Dakota Soybean Council.

Table 1. Chemical characteristics of the soils at the four field locations.

Site

Soil test^Ý

Units

Amenia

Argusville

Ayr

Galesburg

0-6"

pH

8.2

8.1

8.0

8.0

EC (salinity)

mmho/cm

0.57

0.41

0.98

2.03

CaCO₃

%

11.1

5.7

11.9

5.0

Org. matter

%

3.4

2.8

3.2

2.4

Nitrate-N

lb/A

36

19

38

82

Olsen P

ppm

10

9

14

24

Avail. K

ppm

350

180

700

470

Avail. S

lb/A

118

35

166

317

6-24"

EC

mmho/cm

1.22

0.39

1.23

0.79

Nitrate-N

lb/A

42

54

324

180

Avail. S

lb/A

>500

130

>500

>500

Ý pH and EC of a 1:1 soil:water suspension, CaCO₃ equivalent by the Williams method, organic matter by loss on ignition, available K by ammonium acetate extraction, and available S by monocalcium phosphate extraction.

Table 2. Chlorosis ratings of 181 soybean varieties at four sites in eastern North Dakota, 2001. At each site, each value is the average of three rating times and four replications, except at Galesburg, where two ratings were made.

Site

Company

Variety

Amenia

Argusville

Ayr

Galesburg

Average

U. of MN

MN 0302

1.6

1.7

1.5

1.8

1.6

Seeds 2000

2070 RR

1.5

1.7

1.6

2.3

1.8

Pioneer

P 90B43

2.0

1.7

1.8

1.9

1.8

Standard

Traill

2.0

2.1

1.3

2.0

1.9

Top Farm

TF 6101

1.8

1.7

2.0

2.1

1.9

King Grain

KG-20

2.0

2.1

1.6

1.8

1.9

Hyland

RR Rally

1.8

1.9

1.6

2.3

1.9

Mycogen

5007

1.8

1.9

1.6

2.4

1.9

Kaystar

K-0760 RR

1.9

1.6

1.8

2.6

2.0

NDSU

Traill

2.0

2.1

1.3

2.4

2.0

U. of MN

MN 0201

2.0

2.0

1.7

2.3

2.0

Wensman

W 2095 RR

2.1

2.0

1.7

2.1

2.0

Gold Country

GCS-6009 RR

2.1

2.0

1.4

2.6

2.0

Wensman

W 2054 RR

2.1

2.2

1.9

1.9

2.0

Standard

Traill

2.0

2.2

1.5

2.4

2.0

Prairie Brand Seed Co.

PB-0321 RR

2.1

2.1

1.9

2.0

2.0

NorthStar

NS 0714 RR

2.2

2.0

2.0

2.0

2.0

SDSU

SD96-702

2.4

2.0

1.4

2.4

2.1

Dyna-Gro

3074 RR

2.4

2.3

1.7

1.8

2.1

NDSU

Council

2.5

2.3

1.4

2.1

2.1

Wensman

W 2081 RR

2.2

2.6

1.4

2.1

2.1

Pioneer

Exp 03

2.0

1.9

1.8

2.8

2.1

Garst

XR 0105 P01

2.3

2.3

1.9

2.1

2.1

Peterson Farms Seed

0009 RR

2.0

2.8

1.5

2.2

2.1

Gold Country

GCS-3205 RR

2.3

2.5

1.7

2.1

2.2

Mallard

'0910

2.4

1.8

1.9

2.6

2.2

Brushvale

B.S. 9908 N

2.4

2.3

1.9

2.1

2.2

Garst

X 0108 P70

2.4

1.9

1.7

2.7

2.2

Thunder

607 RR

2.4

2.2

1.9

2.3

2.2

Peterson Farms Seed

0006 RR

2.6

2.3

1.8

2.0

2.2

Midwest Seed Genetics

GR 0955

2.2

1.9

1.8

2.8

2.2

Standard

Council

2.1

2.5

1.7

2.5

2.2

Kaystar

K-0960 RR

2.3

2.6

2.0

1.9

2.2

NDSU

Traill RR

2.3

2.2

1.8

2.6

2.2

NorthStar

NS 0905 RR

2.3

2.6

1.3

2.8

2.2

Dekalb

DKB 09-51

2.5

2.7

1.8

1.9

2.2

Kaystar

K-0520 RR

2.4

2.5

2.0

2.0

2.2

Standard

Council

2.2

2.4

2.0

2.4

2.3

Mallard

RR X0912

2.5

2.2

1.8

2.6

2.3

Syngenta

NK Brand S10-F2

2.3

1.8

2.0

3.0

2.3

Mustang

M-093 RR

2.2

2.0

2.0

2.9

2.3

Stine

S0806-4

2.3

2.2

1.9

2.8

2.3

Seeds 2000

2081 RR

2.3

2.4

1.9

2.4

2.3

Thunder

2109 RR

2.3

2.4

1.5

2.9

2.3

Wensman

W 2092 RR

2.5

2.3

2.1

2.3

2.3

NuTech

NT-0777 RR

2.2

2.4

2.1

2.6

2.3

Asgrow

AG 0801

2.6

2.3

1.6

2.9

2.3

Mallard

RR X0913

2.6

2.3

2.0

2.6

2.3

Mycogen

5121

2.4

2.7

1.9

2.4

2.4

U. of MN

M94-175050

2.1

2.2

2.0

3.3

2.4

Mustang

M-082 RR

2.4

2.3

1.8

3.1

2.4

Hyland

Corona

2.5

2.6

1.5

2.8

2.4

U. of MN

M92-185003

2.8

2.3

2.1

2.4

2.4

NDSU

Walsh

2.7

2.6

1.7

2.6

2.4

NDSU

Norpro-Rps6

2.6

2.9

1.7

2.6

2.4

Hyland

RR Richland

2.8

2.4

1.8

2.8

2.4

U. of MN

MN 0902 CN

2.7

2.8

2.0

2.3

2.4

NDSU

Jim

2.8

2.6

1.9

2.6

2.5

NDSU

Danatto

2.1

2.8

2.1

2.8

2.5

NDSU

ND97-1120

2.6

2.6

2.0

2.6

2.5

NDSU

Daksoy

2.3

2.8

1.9

2.8

2.5

NorthStar

NS 0805 RR

2.6

2.6

1.8

3.0

2.5

Thunder

2108 RR

2.5

3.3

2.0

2.3

2.5

U. of MN

M92-285024

2.8

2.8

1.7

2.8

2.5

Syngenta

NK Brand S04-E1

2.8

2.8

1.9

2.6

2.5

Top Farm

TF E1091 A RR

2.8

2.6

1.8

2.9

2.5

Brushvale

B.S. 9960 P

2.7

2.6

2.0

2.9

2.5

Kaltenberg

KB081 RR

2.8

2.6

1.9

2.9

2.5

Seeds 2000

2110 RR

2.7

3.0

1.8

2.6

2.5

Prograin

PR 0121 RR

2.7

2.3

2.1

3.2

2.5

Prograin

PR 9901

2.9

2.8

2.4

2.2

2.6

Hyland

T 9801

2.8

2.6

1.8

3.1

2.6

Dairyland Seed

DSR-101/RR

2.9

3.2

2.0

2.3

2.6

Gold Country

GCS-4107 RR

2.7

2.7

2.1

2.8

2.6

Dyna-Gro

3086 RR

2.5

3.0

2.2

2.7

2.6

Syngenta

NK Brand S06-L6

3.0

2.9

2.0

2.5

2.6

AgriPro

1394

2.5

2.8

2.0

3.1

2.6

Thunder

2030

3.3

2.7

2.1

2.4

2.6

Prograin

PR 5001.14

2.5

2.3

2.4

3.3

2.6

Gold Country

GCS-3202 RR

3.0

2.4

2.2

2.9

2.6

Pioneer

Exp 07

2.8

3.0

1.8

2.9

2.6

NDSU

ND97-962

2.7

2.5

2.1

3.3

2.6

Asgrow

AG 0901

2.8

2.5

2.4

2.9

2.7

Thompson Agri

TR-077

2.8

3.3

1.8

2.8

2.7

Wensman

W 2086 RR

2.8

2.5

2.4

2.9

2.7

Kaystar

K-0740 RR

2.8

2.8

2.3

2.8

2.7

Richland Organics

MK 0649 N

3.1

3.0

1.9

2.8

2.7

Wensman

W 2025 RR

3.2

3.0

2.5

2.1

2.7

Richand Organics

MK-Exp 917 N

3.2

3.3

1.7

2.8

2.7

NDSU

Barnes

3.0

2.8

2.2

2.9

2.7

Dairyland Seed

DSR-065

2.8

2.4

2.8

3.0

2.7

Gold Country

Bygland

3.0

2.9

1.8

3.2

2.7

Standard

Glacier

3.0

2.8

2.3

2.9

2.8

Standard

Glacier

3.0

2.9

2.3

2.9

2.8

Golden Harvest

X 11091RR

2.9

2.9

2.4

2.9

2.8

Midwest Seed Genetics

GR 1100

3.1

3.7

1.9

2.4

2.8

Pioneer

Exp 10

3.0

3.0

2.1

3.1

2.8

Mallard

RR 1011

3.1

3.4

2.1

2.6

2.8

Garst

X 0113 Y71

3.1

3.1

2.1

3.0

2.8

Prograin

PR 9935

3.2

2.8

2.6

2.7

2.8

Pioneer

P 90B72

3.2

2.9

2.0

3.3

2.8

Pioneer

P 91B52

3.4

3.7

1.6

2.7

2.8

U. of MN

M94-135066

3.2

3.0

2.0

3.2

2.8

Prograin

OAC Vision

2.8

3.1

2.5

3.0

2.9

Prograin

PR 5005.83

3.0

2.6

2.8

3.2

2.9

		Site
Soil test^Ý	Units	Amenia	Argusville	Ayr	Galesburg

0-6"

pH		8.2	8.1	8.0	8.0
EC (salinity)	mmho/cm	0.57	0.41	0.98	2.03
CaCO₃	%	11.1	5.7	11.9	5.0
Org. matter	%	3.4	2.8	3.2	2.4
Nitrate-N	lb/A	36	19	38	82
Olsen P	ppm	10	9	14	24
Avail. K	ppm	350	180	700	470
Avail. S	lb/A	118	35	166	317

6-24"

EC	mmho/cm	1.22	0.39	1.23	0.79
Nitrate-N	lb/A	42	54	324	180
Avail. S	lb/A	>500	130	>500	>500

		Site
Company	Variety	Amenia	Argusville	Ayr	Galesburg	Average
U. of MN	MN 0302	1.6	1.7	1.5	1.8	1.6
Seeds 2000	2070 RR	1.5	1.7	1.6	2.3	1.8
Pioneer	P 90B43	2.0	1.7	1.8	1.9	1.8
Standard	Traill	2.0	2.1	1.3	2.0	1.9
Top Farm	TF 6101	1.8	1.7	2.0	2.1	1.9
King Grain	KG-20	2.0	2.1	1.6	1.8	1.9
Hyland	RR Rally	1.8	1.9	1.6	2.3	1.9
Mycogen	5007	1.8	1.9	1.6	2.4	1.9
Kaystar	K-0760 RR	1.9	1.6	1.8	2.6	2.0
NDSU	Traill	2.0	2.1	1.3	2.4	2.0
U. of MN	MN 0201	2.0	2.0	1.7	2.3	2.0
Wensman	W 2095 RR	2.1	2.0	1.7	2.1	2.0
Gold Country	GCS-6009 RR	2.1	2.0	1.4	2.6	2.0
Wensman	W 2054 RR	2.1	2.2	1.9	1.9	2.0
Standard	Traill	2.0	2.2	1.5	2.4	2.0
Prairie Brand Seed Co.	PB-0321 RR	2.1	2.1	1.9	2.0	2.0
NorthStar	NS 0714 RR	2.2	2.0	2.0	2.0	2.0
SDSU	SD96-702	2.4	2.0	1.4	2.4	2.1
Dyna-Gro	3074 RR	2.4	2.3	1.7	1.8	2.1
NDSU	Council	2.5	2.3	1.4	2.1	2.1
Wensman	W 2081 RR	2.2	2.6	1.4	2.1	2.1
Pioneer	Exp 03	2.0	1.9	1.8	2.8	2.1
Garst	XR 0105 P01	2.3	2.3	1.9	2.1	2.1
Peterson Farms Seed	0009 RR	2.0	2.8	1.5	2.2	2.1
Gold Country	GCS-3205 RR	2.3	2.5	1.7	2.1	2.2
Mallard	'0910	2.4	1.8	1.9	2.6	2.2
Brushvale	B.S. 9908 N	2.4	2.3	1.9	2.1	2.2
Garst	X 0108 P70	2.4	1.9	1.7	2.7	2.2
Thunder	607 RR	2.4	2.2	1.9	2.3	2.2
Peterson Farms Seed	0006 RR	2.6	2.3	1.8	2.0	2.2
Midwest Seed Genetics	GR 0955	2.2	1.9	1.8	2.8	2.2
Standard	Council	2.1	2.5	1.7	2.5	2.2
Kaystar	K-0960 RR	2.3	2.6	2.0	1.9	2.2
NDSU	Traill RR	2.3	2.2	1.8	2.6	2.2
NorthStar	NS 0905 RR	2.3	2.6	1.3	2.8	2.2
Dekalb	DKB 09-51	2.5	2.7	1.8	1.9	2.2
Kaystar	K-0520 RR	2.4	2.5	2.0	2.0	2.2
Standard	Council	2.2	2.4	2.0	2.4	2.3
Mallard	RR X0912	2.5	2.2	1.8	2.6	2.3
Syngenta	NK Brand S10-F2	2.3	1.8	2.0	3.0	2.3
Mustang	M-093 RR	2.2	2.0	2.0	2.9	2.3
Stine	S0806-4	2.3	2.2	1.9	2.8	2.3
Seeds 2000	2081 RR	2.3	2.4	1.9	2.4	2.3
Thunder	2109 RR	2.3	2.4	1.5	2.9	2.3
Wensman	W 2092 RR	2.5	2.3	2.1	2.3	2.3
NuTech	NT-0777 RR	2.2	2.4	2.1	2.6	2.3
Asgrow	AG 0801	2.6	2.3	1.6	2.9	2.3
Mallard	RR X0913	2.6	2.3	2.0	2.6	2.3
Mycogen	5121	2.4	2.7	1.9	2.4	2.4
U. of MN	M94-175050	2.1	2.2	2.0	3.3	2.4
Mustang	M-082 RR	2.4	2.3	1.8	3.1	2.4
Hyland	Corona	2.5	2.6	1.5	2.8	2.4
U. of MN	M92-185003	2.8	2.3	2.1	2.4	2.4
NDSU	Walsh	2.7	2.6	1.7	2.6	2.4
NDSU	Norpro-Rps6	2.6	2.9	1.7	2.6	2.4
Hyland	RR Richland	2.8	2.4	1.8	2.8	2.4
U. of MN	MN 0902 CN	2.7	2.8	2.0	2.3	2.4
NDSU	Jim	2.8	2.6	1.9	2.6	2.5
NDSU	Danatto	2.1	2.8	2.1	2.8	2.5
NDSU	ND97-1120	2.6	2.6	2.0	2.6	2.5
NDSU	Daksoy	2.3	2.8	1.9	2.8	2.5
NorthStar	NS 0805 RR	2.6	2.6	1.8	3.0	2.5
Thunder	2108 RR	2.5	3.3	2.0	2.3	2.5
U. of MN	M92-285024	2.8	2.8	1.7	2.8	2.5
Syngenta	NK Brand S04-E1	2.8	2.8	1.9	2.6	2.5
Top Farm	TF E1091 A RR	2.8	2.6	1.8	2.9	2.5
Brushvale	B.S. 9960 P	2.7	2.6	2.0	2.9	2.5
Kaltenberg	KB081 RR	2.8	2.6	1.9	2.9	2.5
Seeds 2000	2110 RR	2.7	3.0	1.8	2.6	2.5
Prograin	PR 0121 RR	2.7	2.3	2.1	3.2	2.5
Prograin	PR 9901	2.9	2.8	2.4	2.2	2.6
Hyland	T 9801	2.8	2.6	1.8	3.1	2.6
Dairyland Seed	DSR-101/RR	2.9	3.2	2.0	2.3	2.6
Gold Country	GCS-4107 RR	2.7	2.7	2.1	2.8	2.6
Dyna-Gro	3086 RR	2.5	3.0	2.2	2.7	2.6
Syngenta	NK Brand S06-L6	3.0	2.9	2.0	2.5	2.6
AgriPro	1394	2.5	2.8	2.0	3.1	2.6
Thunder	2030	3.3	2.7	2.1	2.4	2.6
Prograin	PR 5001.14	2.5	2.3	2.4	3.3	2.6
Gold Country	GCS-3202 RR	3.0	2.4	2.2	2.9	2.6
Pioneer	Exp 07	2.8	3.0	1.8	2.9	2.6
NDSU	ND97-962	2.7	2.5	2.1	3.3	2.6
Asgrow	AG 0901	2.8	2.5	2.4	2.9	2.7
Thompson Agri	TR-077	2.8	3.3	1.8	2.8	2.7
Wensman	W 2086 RR	2.8	2.5	2.4	2.9	2.7
Kaystar	K-0740 RR	2.8	2.8	2.3	2.8	2.7
Richland Organics	MK 0649 N	3.1	3.0	1.9	2.8	2.7
Wensman	W 2025 RR	3.2	3.0	2.5	2.1	2.7
Richand Organics	MK-Exp 917 N	3.2	3.3	1.7	2.8	2.7
NDSU	Barnes	3.0	2.8	2.2	2.9	2.7
Dairyland Seed	DSR-065	2.8	2.4	2.8	3.0	2.7
Gold Country	Bygland	3.0	2.9	1.8	3.2	2.7
Standard	Glacier	3.0	2.8	2.3	2.9	2.8
Standard	Glacier	3.0	2.9	2.3	2.9	2.8
Golden Harvest	X 11091RR	2.9	2.9	2.4	2.9	2.8
Midwest Seed Genetics	GR 1100	3.1	3.7	1.9	2.4	2.8
Pioneer	Exp 10	3.0	3.0	2.1	3.1	2.8
Mallard	RR 1011	3.1	3.4	2.1	2.6	2.8
Garst	X 0113 Y71	3.1	3.1	2.1	3.0	2.8
Prograin	PR 9935	3.2	2.8	2.6	2.7	2.8
Pioneer	P 90B72	3.2	2.9	2.0	3.3	2.8
Pioneer	P 91B52	3.4	3.7	1.6	2.7	2.8
U. of MN	M94-135066	3.2	3.0	2.0	3.2	2.8
Prograin	OAC Vision	2.8	3.1	2.5	3.0	2.9
Prograin	PR 5005.83	3.0	2.6	2.8	3.2	2.9